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Overview
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XHTML 1.0 is the first step toward a modular and extensible web based on XML (Extensible Markup Language). It provides the bridge for web designers to enter the web of the future, while still being able to maintain compatibility with today's HTML 4 browsers. It is the reformulation of HTML 4 as an application of XML. It looks very much like HTML 4, with a few notable exceptions, so if you're familiar with HTML 4, XHTML will be easy to learn and use. XHTML 1.0 was released on January 26th 2000 as a Recommendation by the W3C.
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What is HTML?
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HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. This is the coding language used to create Hypertext documents for use on the World Wide Web. HTML looks a lot like old-fashioned typesetting code, where you surround a block of text with codes that indicate how it should appear, additionally, in HTML you can specify that a block of text, or a word, is linked to another file on the Internet.
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Why XHTML?
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We all know that you don't have to write clean HTML to get your web page displayed on the internet. Most browsers today accomodate "poorly-written" HTML. Now we are seeing that Internet access could be carried out on non-PC platforms such as palm computers, televisions, fridges, automobiles, telephones, etc. In most cases these devices will not have the computing power of a desktop computer, and will not be designed to accommodate ill-formed HTML as do current browsers. So we do need stricter control and adherence to standards. Here is where XHTML comes in. XHTML is a reformulation of HTML 4 as an application of XML.
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What is XML?
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XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. XML is a markup language much like HTML designed to describe data. This is a specification developed by the W3C. XML is a pared-down version of Standard Generalised Mark-Up Language (SGML), designed especially for Web documents. It allows designers to create their own customised tags, enabling the definition, transmission, validation, and interpretation of data between applications and between organizations. XML tags are not predefined. It gives you the flexibilty of defining your own tags. XML uses a Document Type Definition (DTD) or an XML Schema to describe the data.
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How is XHTML different than HTML?
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XHTML is a stricter, tidier version of HTML. Pages written in XHTML work well in various kind of browsers/internet devices.
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- XHTML elements must be properly nested
- XHTML documents must be well-formed
- XHTML tags must be in lowercase
- XHTML elements (including empty elements) must be closed
- Attribute names must be in lower case
- Attribute values must be quoted
- Attribute minimization is forbidden
- The id attribute replaces the name attribute
- The XHTML DTD defines mandatory elements
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An XHTML document consists of three main parts:
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- the DOCTYPE
- the Head
- the Body
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The <!DOCTYPE> Is Mandatory and should always be the first line in an XHTML document.
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The basic document structure is:
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<!DOCTYPE ...>
<html>
<head>
<title>... </title>
</head>
<body> ... </body>
</html>
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